Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has tissue-specific effects on growth, differentiation,
and gene expression. We show here that cAMP can activate the transcription factor Elk-1 …

Hormonal stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the cAMP-dependent
protein kinase PKA regulates cell growth by multiple mechanisms. A hallmark of cAMP is its …

Activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (also known as extracellular-signal-regulated
kinase, or ERK) 1 by growth factors can trigger either cell growth or differentiation. …

Extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are emerging as important regulators of
neuronal function. Recent advances have increased our understanding of ERK signalling at the …

Although RAF kinases are critical for controlling cell growth, their mechanism of activation is
incompletely understood. Recently, dimerization was shown to be important for activation. …

In fibroblast cells, cAMP antagonizes growth factor activation of ERKs and cell growth via
PKA and the small G protein Rap1. We demonstrate here that PKA's activation of Rap1 was …

Neurotrophins promote multiple actions on neuronal cells including cell survival and
differentiation. The best-studied neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF), is a major survival factor …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase lies at the convergence of various extracellular
ligand-mediated signaling pathways. It is activated by the dual-specificity kinase, MAP kinase …

Like other small G proteins of the Ras superfamily, Rap1 is activated by distinct guanine
nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in response to different signals to elicit cellular responses. …

Tri-iodo-l-thyronine (T 3) suppresses the proliferation of near-term serum-stimulated fetal
ovine cardiomyocytes in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that T 3 is a major stimulant of …